Which of the following is true regarding data analysis?

The statement that data analysis methods should usually be specified in advance before a study begins is correct because having a clear plan for data analysis ensures that researchers can align their analytical strategies with the study's objectives. Specifying these methods in advance allows researchers to design their data collection processes in a way that will yield useful data for those specific analyses. It also helps in maintaining consistency in the research approach and minimizes the risk of biases that may arise when analyzing data without a predefined strategy. This planning aspect is crucial for achieving valid and reliable results, as it allows researchers to anticipate potential challenges and adjust their data collection methods accordingly. Establishing these parameters before starting the study contributes to greater overall research integrity and reproducibility of the results.